By S. Mahdi Kashmiri
This ebook describes another approach to knowing actual on-chip frequency references in usual CMOS approaches. this system exploits the thermal-diffusivity of silicon, i.e. the speed at which warmth diffuses via a silicon substrate. this is often the 1st ebook describing the layout of such electrothermal frequency references. It contains the required idea, supported through useful realizations that in attaining inaccuracies as little as 0.1% and hence reveal the feasibility of this method. The e-book additionally comprises a number of circuit and system-level strategies to the precision circuit layout demanding situations encountered throughout the layout of such frequency references.
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IEEE Trans Electron Dev 12(9):507 12. Tabatabaei S et al (2010) Silicon MEMS oscillators for high-speed digital systems. IEEE Micro 30(2):80–89 13. MEMS replacing quartz oscillators, SiTime Application Note AN10010, 2009 42 2 Silicon-Based Frequency References 14. Lutz M (2007) MEMS oscillators for high volume commercial applications. In: IEEE transducers, pp 49–52 15. Wan-Thai Hsu et al (2007) The new heart beat of electronics - Silicon MEMS oscillators. In: IEEE electronic components and technology conference, ECTC, pp 1895–1899 16.
6 More detailed circuit diagram of a Wien-bridge RC oscillator output impedance, current bleeding has been applied. The gain-boosted cascode transistors further increase the output impedance such that it does not interfere with the Wien-bridge network’s transfer function. To minimize excess phase shift, the cascode transistors are minimum size devices. 2 V supply. With R ¼ 50kΩ, and C ¼ 530fF, it oscillates at about 6 MHz. 9%, with a temperature coefficient of about 86 ppm/ C. Another Wien-bridge oscillator based on [40] was proposed in [43], where the RC oscillator circuit is combined with a low drop out voltage regulator in order to achieve a supply dependency of 104 ppm/V.
After the reset phase, the frequency conversion phase begins with signal Q ¼ 0, discharging C0 by current Iref. The signal Q is then produced through a frequency divider by dividing the oscillator output frequency by two (see Fig. 13). The discharge of C0 continues until signal Q changes state again. This always happens at the end of the oscillation period. 2V ~ 3V VREG C1 C0 RST Vcap VREG VREG =1V VREG SW – VCTRL + Q Qb Bandgap + Y0 ÷ 2 Vref – Y45 Q Qb Iref Fig. 13 Ring oscillator with a frequency-to-voltage converter and feedback loop p/4 Y0 Y45 Q SW RST Vcap –Iref / C VREG Vref VCTRL time Fig.